Geometry of percolating monopole clusters

We perform detailed measurements of the geometrical characteristics of the percolating cluster of the magnetic monopole currents in the confining phase of the lattice SU(2) gluodynamics. The Maximal Abelian projection is used to define the monopoles. The use of the geometrical language is motivated by recent observations that the full non-Abelian action associated with the monopoles corresponds to point-like particles on the currently available lattices. Scaling behavior of various quantities is observed.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures, Lattice2002(topology

Синтез та деякі перетворення 5-ізоксазолілсульфонілхлоридів

The effect of the structure of 5-(benzylthio)isoxazoles on selectivity of the synthesis of 5-(chlorosulfonyl)isoxazoles has been determined. The chemical behavior in relation to amines has been described.Aim. To develop the methods for the synthesis of 5-(chlorosulfonyl)- isoxazoles and 4-chloro-5-(chlorosulfonyl)isoxazoles as promising reagents for construction of prospective bioactive compounds.Results and discussion. The number of 5-(benzylthio)isoxazoles was obtained by cyclocondensation of N-hydroxyimidoyl chlorides or 2-chloro-2-(hydroxyimino) acetates with benzylethynylsulfide. Their oxidative chlorination with gaseous chlorine led to formation of the mixture of isoxazole-5-sulfonyl chlorides and 4-chloroisoxazole-5-sulfonyl chlorides. The ratio between these products in the mixture depended on the nature of the substitution group in position 3 of the isoxazole ring. For the synthesis of 4-chloro-5-(chlorosulfonyl)isoxazoles with acceptable yields the approach of an advance chlorination of 5-benzylthioisoxazoles by N-chlorosuccinimide with further oxidative chlorination was used.Experimental part. The synthesis of the starting and target compounds was performed in classic preparative conditions; flesh-chromatography; elemental analysis; LCMS; 1H and 13C NMR-spectroscopy were used.Conclusions. The reaction of oxidative chlorination of 5-(benzylthio)-3-isoxazoles has been studied. The synthetic approach for the previously unknown representatives of isoxazole-5-sulfonylchlorides has been developed.Определено влияние структуры 5-бензилтиоизоксазолов на селективность образования 5-изоксазолилсульфонилхлоридов и выявлено химическое поведение последних по отношению к аминам.Цель  работы – создание методов синтеза 5-изоксазолил- и 4-хлор-5-изоксазолилсульфонилхлоридов как перспективных реагентов для конструирования потенциально биоактивных веществ.Результаты и их обсуждение. Циклоконденсацией N-гидроксиимидоилхлоридов или 2-хлоро-2-(гидроксиимино)ацетатов из бензилтиоацетиленом синтезировано ряд 5-бензилтиоизоксазолов. Их окислительное хлорирование приводит к образованию смеси 5-изоксазолилсульфонилхлоридов и 4-хлор-5-изоксазолилсульфонилхлоридов, соотношение между которыми зависит от характера заместителей в положении 3 изоксазольного цикла. Для синтеза 4-хлор-5-изоксазолилсульфонилхлоридов с удовлетворительными выходами использован вариант предварительного хлорирования ядра 5-бензилтиоизоксазолов N-хлорсукцинимидом с дальнейшим окислительным хлорированием.Экспериментальная часть. Синтез исходных и целевых соединений в классических препаративных условиях; методы флеш-хроматографии, элементного анализа, хроматомасс-спектрометрии, ЯМР 1Н и 13С-спектроскопии. Выводы. Исследована реакция окислительного хлорирования 5-бензилтиоизоксазолов и разработан синтетический подход к ранее неизвестным представителям 5-изоксазолилсульфонилхлоридов.Встановлено вплив структури 5-бензилтіоізоксазолів на селективність утворення 5-ізоксазолілсульфонілхлоридів та з’ясована хімічна поведінка останніх по відношенню до амінів.Мета роботи – створення методів синтезу 5-ізоксазоліл- та 4-хлоро-5-ізоксазолілсульфонілхлоридів як перспективних реагентів для конструювання потенційно біоактивних речовин.Результати та їх обговорення. Циклоконденсацією N-гідроксіімідоїлхлоридів або 2-хлоро-2-(гідроксііміно)ацетатів із бензилтіоацетиленом синтезовано низку 5-бензилтіоізоксазолів. Їх окиснювальне хлорування приводить до утворення суміші 5-ізоксазолілсульфонілхлоридів та 4-хлоро-5-ізоксазолілсульфонілхлоридів, співвідношення між якими залежить від характеру замісників у положенні 3 ізоксазольного циклу. Для синтезу 4-хлоро-5-ізоксазолілсульфонілхлоридів із задовільними виходами використано варіант попереднього хлорування ядра 5-бензилтіоізоксазолів N-хлоросукцинімідом із подальшим окиснювальним хлоруванням.Експериментальна частина. Синтез вихідних та цільових сполук у класичних препаративних умовах; методи флеш-хроматографії, елементного аналізу, хроматомас-спектрометрії, ЯМР 1Н та 13С-спектроскопії.Висновки. Досліджена реакція окиснювального хлорування 5-бензилтіоізоксазолів та розроблено синтетичний підхід до раніше невідомих представників 5-ізоксазолілсульфонілхлоридів

SU(2) Gluodynamics and HP1 sigma-model embedding: Scaling, Topology and Confinement

We investigate recently proposed HP1 sigma-model embedding method aimed to study the topology of SU(2) gauge fields. The HP1 based topological charge is shown to be fairly compatible with various known definitions. We study the corresponding topological susceptibility and estimate its value in the continuum limit. The geometrical clarity of HP1 approach allows to investigate non-perturbative aspects of SU(2) gauge theory on qualitatively new level. In particular, we obtain numerically precise estimation of gluon condensate and its leading quadratic correction. Furthermore, we present clear evidences that the string tension is to be associated with global (percolating) regions of sign-coherent topological charge. As a byproduct of our analysis we estimate the continuum value of quenched chiral condensate and the dimensionality of regions, which localize the lowest eigenmodes of overlap Dirac operator.Comment: 22 pages, 18 ps figures, revtex4. Replaced to match published version (PRD, to appear

The fat oxidation rate at rest and under exercise load «until exhaustion» in Nordic skiers

Objective: to study the fat oxidation rate during physical exercises of different intensity and to identify factors influencing this process in athletes. Materials and methods: highly qualified Nordic skiers (26 men, 11 women) were examined. Fat oxidation (FO) was determined by the indirect colorimetric technique within stepwise increasing cycle load in the test «to failure». Results: FO for highly skilled skiers (MS and MSIL) was 0.17 g/min at rest and 0.77 g/min at the peak of the load, corresponding to the range of 40-60% of the maximal oxygen consumption (MOC). The level of skill was associated with a higher peak FO and its longer retention up to a load of 80-90% of the MOC. Age differences appeared only at the peak of the load, in the range of 60-70% of the MOC. There was a higher base and maximum FO in men, unlike women. Conclusions: the fat oxidation rate during exercise should be used in assessing the functional state of athletes when planning load regimes and preventing overtraining

Breed-Specific Hematological Phenotypes in the Dog: A Natural Resource for the Genetic Dissection of Hematological Parameters in a Mammalian Species

Remarkably little has been published on hematological phenotypes of the domestic dog, the most polymorphic species on the planet. Information on the signalment and complete blood cell count of all dogs with normal red and white blood cell parameters judged by existing reference intervals was extracted from a veterinary database. Normal hematological profiles were available for 6046 dogs, 5447 of which also had machine platelet concentrations within the reference interval. Seventy-five pure breeds plus a mixed breed control group were represented by 10 or more dogs. All measured parameters except mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) varied with age. Concentrations of white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils and platelets, but not red blood cell parameters, all varied with sex. Neutering status had an impact on hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCHC, and concentrations of WBCs, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelets. Principal component analysis of hematological data revealed 37 pure breeds with distinctive phenotypes. Furthermore, all hematological parameters except MCHC showed significant differences between specific individual breeds and the mixed breed group. Twenty-nine breeds had distinctive phenotypes when assessed in this way, of which 19 had already been identified by principal component analysis. Tentative breed-specific reference intervals were generated for breeds with a distinctive phenotype identified by comparative analysis. This study represents the first large-scale analysis of hematological phenotypes in the dog and underlines the important potential of this species in the elucidation of genetic determinants of hematological traits, triangulating phenotype, breed and genetic predisposition